• Restless running behavior was first described in mice after

  2021-09-17

  

  ‘Restless running behavior’ was first described in mice after administration of 30mg/kg i.p. ALX-5407 and was thought to be due to an augmentation of NMDA-induced dopamine activity [27]. The motor impairments caused by ALX-5407 were confirmed by Perry et al. [10] and extended to another sarcosine-de

• Multiple mechanisms have been suggested

  2021-09-17

  

  Multiple mechanisms have been suggested by which glucagon can increase energy expenditure although none have been conclusively proven to be responsible. Both enhanced gluconeogenesis and enhanced protein turnover secondary to hyperglucagonaemia have been suggested as the reason for the increased met

• br Although D reconstruction of an invertebrate gap junction

  2021-09-17

  

  Although 3D reconstruction of an invertebrate gap junction channel from native tissue of crayfish was reported in 1991, the negative-staining EM imaging was limited to low-resolution structural analysis [39]. The oligomeric number of innexin channels was believed to be the same as that in connexin

• We are aware that the classical biochemical view is centered

  2021-09-17

  

  We are aware that the classical biochemical view is centered on the local concentrations of specific ion and molecules rather than on cell electric potentials. However, important downstream processes can be influenced by acting locally on these potentials because they regulate the conductance of the

• In the last thirty years accumulating data have

  2021-09-17

  

  In the last thirty years, accumulating data have addressed a role for GABA in the modulation of gastrointestinal (GI) functions via its possible involvement in the circuitry of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is a complex neuronal network located within the gut wall, capable of regulating,

• br Declarations of interest br Founding

  2021-09-17

  

  Declarations of interest Founding information This work was partially supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Japan [grant number P03043]; and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [grant number 16H00738 to H.M.] from the Japan Society for the Prom

• In conclusion re evaluation of HER status

  2021-09-16

  

  In conclusion, re-evaluation of HER2 status is necessary to determine the appropriate use of anti-HER2–targeted therapy beyond disease progression. EGFR and c-met amplification, as well as PIK3CA mutation, are rarely associated with acquired resistance. Our results highlight the importance of formal

• Though studied less extensively than in

  2021-09-16

  

  Though studied less extensively than in cholangiopathies and fatty liver diseases, the Hh pathway is active in other forms of human liver disease, such as Schistosomiasis[58], [101] and chronic viral hepatitis,[100], [125] as well as in several animal models of liver disease, including drug-induced

• The zinc dependent HDACs are classified into four

  2021-09-16

  

  The zinc-dependent HDACs are classified into four groups based on their structure, complex formation, and expression pattern: class I (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC8), class IIa (HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7, and HDAC9), class IIb (HDAC6 and HDAC10), and class IV (HDAC11) [16]. We recently reported on a cyto

• Epiandrosterone br Conclusion and prospect Small GTPases are

  2021-09-16

  

  5. Conclusion and prospect Small GTPases are very important regulatory proteins of eukaryotes. They play crucial regulatory function in various movement processes of organism [75], [76], [77]. Different nanoparticles used to investigate the interaction with small GTPases inside Epiandrosterone h

• Modulation of the cannabinoid system has been reported

  2021-09-16

  

  Modulation of the cannabinoid system has been reported to exert anti-parkinsonian properties through different mechanisms. On one hand, cannabinoids have neuroprotective properties in different rodent models of PD, both through a CB1/CB2 receptor-independent mechanism (Lastres-Becker et al., 2005) a

• Further our study provides the

  2021-09-16

  

  Further, our study provides the first evidence that zaprinast and kynurenic SR 49059 administration not only prevented the development of thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity but also enhanced morphine antinociceptive properties. Morphine is considered to be one of the most effective analgesic dr

• br Conflicts of interest br Introduction Antiretroviral ther

  2021-09-16

  

  Conflicts of interest Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective in reducing mortality (Detels et al., 1998), and preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) (CDC, 1994, Connor et al., 1994) and sexual transmission of HIV (Cohen et al., 2011). However, the optimal time to start

• To this end we evaluated novel D analogs for selectivity

  2021-09-16

  

  To this end, we evaluated novel D22 analogs for selectivity to inhibit substrate transport in OCT2, OCT3, and PMAT heterologous cell si cid receptor systems, and in mouse hippocampal and striatal preparations. Chosen analogs were based upon availability of essential chemical precursors (e.g. 6-subst

• br NMDA receptor LBDs The study of GluA was later

  2021-09-16

  

  NMDA receptor LBDs The study of GluA2 was later expanded to include NMDA receptors [22]. NMDA receptors are obligate heterotetramers that are composed of two glutamate-binding subunits and two glycine-, or d-serine-, binding subunits. In this study, crystal structures of the NMDA receptor glycine

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